Polymorphism in Python

OOP Design

Polymorphism & Duck Typing

Python embraces duck typing: if an object implements the right methods, it can stand in for anything else.

Apply interfacesAdd type checking

Interfaces

• Use abstract base classes or Protocols to define required methods.

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Notifier(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def send(self, message: str) -> None: ...

Duck typing

Rely on behavior, not type:

def send_all(notifiers: list):
    for notifier in notifiers:
        notifier.send("Hello")

As long as objects implement .send(), they work.

Next up in your learning path

Abstract classes

Enforce method signatures when necessary.

Structure

Encapsulation

Hide implementation details while exposing behavior.

Design

Dataclasses

Combine polymorphism with typed data containers.

Modern